Reviewing A Qualitative And Quantitative Research Article

Reviewing a Qualitative and Quantitative Research Article Do not select a meta-analysis or systematic review Qualitative Research Assignment Directions: Type your article references in APA format and answer the following questions in complete sentences about the article. You do not have to provide in text citations in the answers. (2 points for grammatical issues) APA Reference (9.5 points) Questions (0.5 points each) Critiquing Criteria derived from LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010, p. 135-136 Article in APA format here: Vejzovic, V., Wennick, A., Idvall, E., Bramhagen, A. (2014). A private affair: children’s experiences prior to colonoscopy. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24, 1038—1047. doi:10.1111/jocn.12661 1. What is the phenomenon of interest and is it clearly stated for the reader? The phenomenon of interest is the emotional experiences of children undergoing stressful testing such as colonoscopies and it’s clearly stated. 2. What is the justification for using a qualitative method? A qualitative study is subjective and results are not measurable. A qualitative method is appropriate in this situation because the study involves gathering and analyzing information regarding the children’s experiences. 3. What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research method? Qualitative researchers believe that an individual’s experience is unique. Therefore, there are multiple realities that can be understood by studying what the people can tell us or by whatShow MoreRelatedQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methodology882 Words   |  4 PagesQuantitative and Qualitative Research Methodology Comparison Research, as defined by Merriam Webster, is â€Å"the activity of getting information about a subject† (Research, n.d.). When looking at the research process there are two main approaches for gathering information; qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach focuses on describing information in a deep thought provoking manner. 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This article pointed out the shortcomings of that report. The NSF went so far has to tell researches using qualitative methods to learn real science- defined as theoretically derived, testable hypotheses, with methods of data gatheringRead MoreA Research Study On Reading Material850 Words   |  4 Pagescompletely new to the reader. Reading research material is not different in the gathering or reading. However, the material itself is different. Research material is written with either qualitative or quantitative gathered results to add specific conclusions for the identified topic. Qualitative material refers to research that pertains to words that may or may not equate measurements in its conclusion (Strauss, Corbin, 1990). Whereas the quantitative research material refers to numerically measuredRead MoreEssay on Critical Appra isal1662 Words   |  7 Pagesof systematically examining research evidence to assess its validity, results, and relevance. (Hill, 2001) Critical appraisal of research is preformed by clinicians prior to using it to make healthcare decisions. The critical appraisal process systematically finds, appraises, and acts on evidence based research after thorough review. The use of critical appraisal also allows us to make sense of research evidence and allows us to begin to close the gap between research and practice. (Hill, 2001) Read MoreQualitative Research : Research Methods1219 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative Research Justin Netcher SOC 333: Research Methods Jeremy Baker December 19, 2016 Qualitative Research Qualitative research reflects different ways that researcher’s collect data and explore all of the information through literature review. 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The importance of pharmacovigilance in risk management Free Essays

Introduction OBJECTIVE Every medicinal product has its own risk-benefit ratio. The products, whose benefits to the patients overweigh its risk, are approved by the Competent Authorities (CA). The approved products do not mean that they have no side effects. We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of pharmacovigilance in risk management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Actually every medicinal product has some side-effects and it’s very important to identify the side-effects throughout its lifecycle. The process of constant monitoring of the medicinal product throughout the product lifecycle is called Pharmacovigilance. The aim of pharmacovigilance is to protect people by identifying, detecting, characterising, monitoring and communicating risk for rational and safe use of medicines.1 These benefit-risk findings helps to take decision regarding safety of the medicinal product by regulators, company, physicians and patients.2 BACKGROUND In 1961, after disaster of thalidomide, it has been brought forward that post-authorisation data was not sufficient to detect early warning signs of the drug safety.3 If Pharmacovigilance system were in place during that time; such a disaster would be minimised. To avoid any such disaster in future Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH) Competent Authority (CA) work together to ensure that pharmacovigilance system is maintained and patient’s safety is not compromised. CONCEPT OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE In general, pharmacovigilance have no boundaries and it should be performed to all medicinal products throughout its lifecycle. Rapid and effective assessment of drug safety is achieved by early information of any unintended effect. Innovative and generic companies have to follow the same requirements with regards to updating the safety specification.4 Currently, the pharmacovigilance system is set as per guidance, Regulation EC/726/2004 Directive 2004/27/EC. Volume 9A and ICH guidelines PHARMACOVIGILANCE RESPONSIBILITY Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH): In current situation, it’s very difficult to identify a new product and new product application is expensive and time-consuming process. To make a blockbuster product; MAH focus thoroughly on Pharmacovigilance system to avoid any disappointment at the later stage of the product lifecycle as it’s very essential for survival of the company. The importance of Pharmacovigilance is that if successful product fails to detect early signals, company also fails to protect its brand identity. The first step initiated by MAH is to ensure that proper pharmacovigilance system is set up to detect signal of any adverse effect and risk management plans should be in place to minimise its impact.3 To perform above activities, MAH appoints a QPPV who is responsible for,5 Collecting and collating all suspected adverse effects globally and establish benefit-risk balance to submit to CA. Preparing and submitting Periodic Safety Update Review (PSUR), Individual Case Safety Review (ICSR), pre post-authorisation studies to the CA through electronic reporting. Reviewing safety issues and product defects. Conducting internal audit of pharmacovigilance system and ensure management of database. Along with Pharmacovigilance team, company also build Risk Management Team or Crisis Management Team who plays a vital role in minimising the impact of any adverse reactions on the product and the company. Competent Authorities (CA) Along with MAH, CA also develop their Pharmacovigilance team who performs studies like MAH to evaluate the safety performance of the medicinal product. It is also the responsibility of MAH to provide timely and correct information of any signal detected to the CA. CA also evaluate Pharmacovigilance system of the MAH by routine inspections conducted by national authorities to check the system and facilities are in accordance as mentioned in Detailed Description of Pharmacovigilance System (DDPS)6. Apart from routine inspections, certain factors that triggers the inspections are,5 Delays in carry out safety reporting Incomplete or poor quality reporting Inconsistency between reports Changes in benefit-risk balance and failure to communicate to CA. Hence considering the importance of Pharmacovigilance, both MAH and CA take joint responsibility to safeguard public health. KEY STEPS IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE Once the MAH Pharmacovigilance system is set, the key factors are, Signal detection Signal detection is initiated by MAH as well as CA. At any stage during the product lifecycle, if unintended effect is detected, it prompts to evaluate the reason for its happening. Generally MAH should be first to detect any signal, but if is detected by CA, it means that MAH pharmacovigilance system is not efficient and inspections are required to verify the pharmacovigilance set up. The adverse effect signal can be detected by: Constant monitoring in-house studies conducted by MAH. Spontaneous ADR reporting: where a healthcare professional reports any adverse effect to the MAH or CA from patients experiences as well as from his own studies.5 MAH evaluates if a casual or suspected relationship is determined between adverse reaction and medicinal product. Once it is confirmed that relationship exists, MAH should inform CA within 15 days of the occurring of the adverse reaction.5 For cases where patient contacts the MAH directly regarding any adverse reaction, MAH should advice the patient to contact the healthcare professional. Once the adverse reactions are confirmed by healthcare professional, it should be documented by MAH as spontaneous adverse reactions. Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM): It is a hybrid method of data collection from surveillance as well as spontaneous adverse effects. Here all the prescriptions when dispensed are collected and analysed to give an idea of which patients are exposed to which medicines, time of exposure and any signal detected during their therapy.3 Worldwide reports published for ICSR published on Medline or Embase etc helps MAH to be aware of the incidents and can get prepared for such adverse reaction incidents.5 Such literature or internet references should be reviewed atleast once or twice fortnight. If the product is authorised by CP, it should be reported to Eudravigilance, but if the product is authorised through MRP or DCP, CA of the RMS should be reported. Here RMS takes the leading role and contacts respective CMS regarding of reporting any such adverse reaction.25 All the regional wise signals detected are collected by local affiliates and then they are reported to the main office The MAH collects this information globally through local affiliates and reporting to the central office as well as collecting information through websites. Benefit-risk Assessment Once the signal is detected, benefits of medicinal product are assessed on the information of cure or improve rate of the symptoms, the response rate and quality of life. The risk involved is assessed as spontaneous adverse reactions, frequency and presence of risk factors, epidemiological data as well as overdose, misuse or medication errors.5 MAH should try to improve the benefit-risk balance to optimise safe use of the medicines. To effectively monitor the safety performance of the medicine by the CA, it is decided to report periodically which is known as Periodic Safety Update Review (PSUR). Pharmacovigilance during pre-authorisation From drug discovery till the application is submitted, MAH performs several non-clinical and clinical studies to establish benefit-risk balance. Once the product is in application but not granted, if any unintended effect is seen, MAH evaluate the impact of unintended effect and inform to the CA. But there are several limitations to pre-authorisation stages like, 5 limited people population, limited time of exposure of medicine, limited age sex, geographical, ethnicity people limited scope of interactions with other medicines. Pharmacovigilance during post-authorisation But when the product is authorised, it is widely prescribed in different class of patients. This gives more opportunity to identify any unintended risk or potential risk which was not identified during pre-authorisation studies. Hence post-authorisation studies are very essential to detect any such changes in benefit-risk balance and its reporting is through PSUR. To make the post-authorisation robust, MAH maintains the list of information regarding safety, indications, dosing and pharmacology which is called Company Core Data Sheet (CCDS). CCDS proves as a reference to evaluate the change in benefit-risk balance. If any new adverse reaction is reported, CCDS data is updated to reflect changes.27 PHARMACOVIGILANCE REPORTING Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSUR) PSUR is intended to review worldwide safety profile of the product and ensure that SmPC, labelling and leaflet are up-to-date. It is performed to evaluate the data of latest safety reports and to conclude that safety benefit-risk balance is not changed. If there is any change in safety data, appropriate actions should be taken for amendments of current information through increased market surveillance.7 Single PSUR is required to be submitted per MA which include all indications, dosage forms and route of administration. The main contents of PSUR are,5 Executive summary Introduction Worldwide market authorisation status Update to regulatory authority Changes to reference safety information Patient exposure Individual case histories Overall safety evaluation Conclusion Appendix: company core data PSUR reporting to CA is derived from the date of birth of the medicinal product. The date when the medicinal product was approved is call International Birth Date (IBD).5 Considering IBD, PSUR is submitted, Every six months from authorisation until it is placed in the market Every six months for first two years Annually for next two years and thereafter every 3 years Product submitted for renewal In certain cases, where PSUR is not submitted on time, additional 30 days are allowed to submit PSUR. For generic and well established product, PSUR submission dates can be amended depending on the benefit-risk profile of the product. But in all cases, prior permission should be taken from CA.5 During renewal submission, the PSUR report should cover 4 years and 4 months. Renewal can be submitted before 6 months.5 As PSUR submission is calculated as per IBD, renewal should not be affect by PSUR reporting and similar reporting cycle should be followed. RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (RMP) As all actual or potential side-effects are not identified during studies, so along with pharmacovigilance activities which detect any unintended effects, there should also be Risk Management Plan (RMP) to minimise the impact of any such unintended effects. RMP identifies the risk, clarifies the safety profile and decide alternative ways to minimise risk to the patients.15 As every product has different pharmacological actions and differ in safety profiles, separate RMP should be designed for each product. RMP should also identify multiple risks. RMP comprised of 4 steps:5 Risk detection Risk assessment Risk minimisation Risk communication EU Risk Management Plan All products authorised within the EU should have approved EU-RMP maintained throughout the product lifecycle. EU RMP contains, Safety Specification – These are certain data which are not clearly addressed during non-clinical and clinical trials like toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacology pharmacological class, population not studied, epidemiology and adverse events. Hence it is the summary of important identified risks, potential risk and some missing information.13 It should also highlight the population at risk and highlights the requirement for further study. The safety specification is itself a stand-along document along with pharmacovigilance plan and the specific elements are incorporated in CTD.5 A Pharmacovigilance Plan – It is based as per safety specifications. For certain products where less risk is expected, routine Pharmacovigilance plan is designed. For certain product which involves more complexity and were less safety specifications are available, additional steps are taken to ensure that any signal detected is evaluated in early stages. Action plans are prepared depending on the safety issue. The main points for action plan are safety issue, objective of proposed action, action proposed, rational for proposed action, monitoring and finally evaluating reporting.5 Risk minimisation activities – It can be achieved through knowledge of Safety Specifications by restricting adding suitable warning on the labelling and package leaflet. Medication errors should also be considered with respect to brand names, presentations instructions for use.5 Appropriate warning should also be mentioned if it can be life-threatening due to improper use of route of administration or due to mixing of different strength. Risk can be minimised through additional studies, legal status of medicines, control at pharmacy level and prescription size and validity. Risk communication – Risk communication is a much appreciated step for risk minimisation. Risk should be communicated to healthcare professionals through literatures, educational trainings and informative internet sources so that they can take corrective steps while prescribing to the patient and can minimise the risk.5 EU-RMP is required to be submitted for,5 Application for new active substance, paediatric product, biological product or generic product where more information is required for reference medicinal product. Application for significant change in MA like new dosage forms, route of administration or change in manufacturing process On request of CA or if any safety issue arises of the product. EU-RMP plan is submitted in Module 1.8.2 for evaluation by pharmacovigilance and risk management experts.5 PHARMACOVIGILANCE PENALTIES Every MAH has to adhere to pharmacovigilance system. Non-compliance in the UK will have fine upto ?5000 or if it is conviction it is unlimited fine and imprisonment for upto 2 years to QPPV or company management. As per EU laws, if non-compliance is intentional or negligent, the fine is upto 5% of the annual sales or 2.5% per day average or if it is failure to co-operate or providing misleading information, the fine is upto 0.5% of total annual or per day average sales. Apart from fine, it gives a signal that company is not looking about patient’s safety, putting their profits first and an embarrassment in the industry. EUDRAVIGILANCE From November 2005, electronic reporting became mandatory. The reporting of European pharmacovigilance activities is supported by software called Eudravigilance. Eudravigilance maintains the database of adverse reactions reported for any medicinal product which are subject to clinical trials.8 Eudravigilance provides access of adverse reactions to CA, healthcare professionals, patients as well as pharmaceutical industry. It also maintains the data of ICSR and other suspected adverse reactions. While reviewing the pharmacovigilance system, it helps to identify adverse events to the rapporteur by creating regular overview of adverse events throughout the lifecycle of medicinal product. Also Eudravigilance interfaces with EU-RMP in providing systemic description of risk in terms as defined by MEDdra.8 It is found that 40% of safety issues can be detected earlier if Eudravigilance is used in addition to other PV sources.9 The typical flow of information from PV and EU risk management st rategy implication are, PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PHARMACOVIGILANCE Pharmacovigilance system is dependent on reporting and analysis of unintended effects. But all the side effects cannot be classified as unintended effects. Hence its MAH decision to classify which they consider as serious unintended effects. As physician did not get any feedback of their reporting of unintended effect which ends up in reluctance to report to the MAH.10 In the EU as the products are granted through different procedures, the requirements for labelling are different which makes it difficult to understand benefit-risk balance which pose a risk to public health.10 MAH along with manufacturers should responsible for overall detecting and evaluating the adverse effects of the medicinal product. Duplication of work is involved for reporting by both generic and innovator companies for same medicinal product and lack of communication between them.10 Important safety information should be treated as priority instead of documenting, validating, evaluating and reporting all experiences with the same degree of urgency. PSUR reporting is complex as it involves different presentations, different approval times and country specific labelling.10 As per innovation in healthcare technology, Pharmacovigilance system should be developed to identify the potential association of side effect with a comparison of patient who was given medicine v/s patient who has not taken the medicine.10 NEW 2010 PHARMACOVIGILANCE LEGISLATION The current legislation will amended by Regulation EU/1235/2010 and Directive 2010/84/EC from July 2012.39 The new legislation aims to minimise duplication of reporting system simplifies reporting of adverse drug reactions and PSUR. It also aims to inform patients about benefit-risk aspects and encourage patient to report any effects through online forms, have explanatory wordings on patient leaflet and SmPC for special safety monitoring medicines. The main implications are,40 MAH have to submit ADR reports only to Eudravigilance and not required to submit to individual national CAs. PSUR will have single assessment for same active substance hence all variations; maintenance should be done through union procedure to maintain harmonisation. PSUR reporting is not required for low risk or established molecules unless there is some safety concern. So generic companies will be benefitted by not submitting PSUR unless requested. Currently DDPS will be replaced by Pharmacovigilance System Master File (PSMF) which should be permanently available for submission or inspection on request of national CA. All pharmacovigilance referrals will be discussed by Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) and to avoid duplication CMDh should agree on the single opinions for all member states. Environmental risk factors should be considered as safety of the people in the particular area of the EU. SUCCESS EXAMPLES OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE In last few years, there were certain medicinal products which were showing positive benefit-risk balance during approval, but on constant monitoring for 5 to 10 years, their safety profile has changed and they started to show negative benefit-risk balance. The few products are, Avandia Avandamet Acomplia Vioxx etc. Avandia and Avandamet have shown good management of diabetes, but along with that they also pose a risk of cardiovascular events which were unintended adverse effects. MAH have provided extensive research documents to support their product, but finally it was found that benefits were less compared to risks imposed. Hence considering the public safety, these products are withdrawn at their maturity stages. As a part of pharmacovigilance studies, it was found that due to long exposure time of the medicine, it has shown adverse effects which were not possible during pre-authorisation studies. Also it proved the strength of pharmacovigilance studies, which has avoided any such disaster among the patients. CONCLUSION Pharmacovigilance plays very important part in healthcare system. As the new molecules are complex with limited reports, pharmacovigilance is the tool to monitor the safety benefits. Though it creates more and more hurdles to the MAH with respect to provide more data and justification, it actually provides more safety towards the public health. Without accurate pharmacovigilance system, it may end up with lot of life-threatening incidence globally. New legislation from July 2012 will bring a major change in current pharmacovigilance system, but it is more acceptable in terms of avoiding duplication of work, systematic reporting and monitoring and harmonised approach. LIST OF REFERENCES Primary reference: World Health Organisation. The importance of Pharmacovigilance. Safety monitoring of medicinal products. 2002. Secondary reference: Carol Tsang, Pharmacovigilance: Is there a difference between innovative and generic industriesPart I: Analysis of spontaneous reporting practice in innovative and generic companies, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Issue January 2007:p2 Primary reference: Meyboom RH, Egberts AC, Gribnau FW, Hekster YA. Pharmacovigilance in perspective. Drug Saf. 1999 Dec;21(6): 429-47. Secondary reference: Carol Tsang, Pharmacovigilance: Is there a difference between innovative and generic industriesPart I: Analysis of spontaneous reporting practice in innovative and generic companies, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Issue January 2007:p2 Pharmacovigilance, 2nd Edition by Ronald D. Mann Elizabeth B. Andrews, John Wiley Sons Ltd., p.3 Available from URL: http://www.compsci.googlecode.com/files/Pharmacovigilance,%202nd%20edition.pdf (accessed on 9th May 2011) Carol Tsang, Pharmacovigilance: Is there a difference in perceived practices between innovative and generic industriesPart 2: Seriousness criteria for ADR reporting by innovative and generic companies, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Issue March 2007:p8-11 Volume 9A of the Rules governing medicinal products in the European Union: Guidelines on Pharmacovigilance for medicinal products for human use; September 2008. Available from URL: http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-9/pdf/vol9a_09-2008_en.pdf (assessed on 9th May 2011) Jackie Roberts, Chief Regulatory Officer and QPPV, Jenson Pharmaceuticals Services Ltd, Devon, UK, Detailed Description of the Pharmacovigilance System (DDPS), MHRA Conference, London, 22 April 2010, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Vol 7, No 6, June 2010:p25 Carol Tsang, ApoPharma Inc, Toronto, Canada ([email protected]), Pharmacovigilance – PSUR preparation and submission by innovative and generic companies, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur September 2007,p. 10-19 Thomas Goedecke, Sabine Brosch, Peter Arlett, EMEA: EudraVigilance – the common EU database to support pharmacovigilance activities, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Vol 6, No 2, February 2009: p6-11. Carol Hynes, Director, Global Regulatory Affairs, Strategic policy and support, Johnson Johnson Pharmaceuticals Group, The 4th EMEA/TOPRA meeting on medicines legislation 2009: Evaluation to the next step – the needs of the future, Session 2 – Pharmacovigilance and risk management, TOPRA regulatory rapporteur, Vol 7, No 3, March 2010: p 22. Paolo Biffignandi, EU Vigilance, UK, Germany and Italy, The complexity of Pharmacovigilance, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur – Vol 6, No. 2, February 2009, p.4-5 New 2010 Pharmacovigilance legislation. Available from URL: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/general_content_000492.jspmurl=menus/regulations/regulations.jspmid=WC0b01ac058033e8ad (assessed on 9th May 2011) 2010 Pharmacovigilance legislation: strengthening the monitoring of medicines. Available from URL; http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/special_topics/general/general_content_000491.jspmurl=menus/special_topics/special_topics.jspmid=WC0b01ac058033e8ac (accessed on 9th May 2011) Hoss A Dowlat, Principle Consultant, Regulatory Affairs (Biologics), Freiburg, Germany ([email protected]), The Importance and Impact of the EU-RMP and US-REMS to risk-benefit assessments, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur – Vol 8, No. 2, February 2011,p.20-23 Directives: Directive 2010/84/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010. Available from URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:348:0074:0099:EN:PDF (assessed on 9th May 2011) Regulations: Regulation (EU) No 1235/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010. Available from URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:348:0001:0016:EN:PDF (assessed on 9th May 2011) ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline, Pharmacovigilance Planning E2E, Current Step 4 version dated 18 November 2004. Available UTL from: http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E2E/Step4/E2E_Guideline.pdf (assessed on 9th May 2011) EMA Document Ref EMEA/CHMP/96268/2005, Guideline of Risk Management for Medicinal Products for Human Use, Date coming into effect 20 November 2005. Available from URL: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline/2009/10/WC500004888.pdf (assessed on 9th May 2011) EMA Document Ref EMEA/187439/2006/Final, Draft Eudravigilance Access Policy for Medicines for Human Use, Date 19 December 2008. Available from URL: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline/2009/10/WC500006344.pdf (assessed on 9th May 2011) MHRA Frequently asked questions for Good Pharmacovigilance Practice. Available from URL: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Inspectionandstandards/GoodPharmacovigilancePractice/Frequentlyaskedquestions/index.htm (assessed on 9th May 2011) How to cite The importance of pharmacovigilance in risk management, Essay examples

Rinspeed Splash Amphibious Hydrofoil Sportscar Essay Example For Students

Rinspeed Splash Amphibious Hydrofoil Sportscar Essay The Rinspeed Splash Amphibious Hydrofoil Sportscar the Splash is capable of 80 kmh (approx. 45 knots) on the water and 200 kmh on land. The design is yet another concept from Swiss creative studio Rinspeed, whose concept designs have graced the pages of Gizmo several times in our short history. Under the ultra-light carbon-composite skin lies much more than just an agile and lively sports car. At the push of a button an hydraulic mechanism transforms the sports car into an amphibious vehicle and an integrated hydrofoil system enables the Splash to fly at an altitude of about 60 cm above the water. The almost magical transformation from a street vehicle into a floating and flying all-rounder is made possible by an electronically controlled high-pressure hydraulic system with an array of sophisticated sensors. The transformation starts at the rear panel, which flips up to reveal a watercraft Z-drive in horizontal rest position. The Z-drive is fitted with a conventional 3-bladed propeller and can be lowered to its fully standing position from the cockpit. The position of the drive is infinitely variable, which guarantees immediate propulsion upon entering the water. A transfer case sends power to the rear wheels, the propeller or both, depending on the input from the pilot. Starting at a water depth of about 1.1 meters the Z-drive can be lowered all the way to its fully standing position. Steering commands are entered via the steering wheel and transferred to the Z-drive. The body of the Splash is designed to be watertight and additional buoyancy chambers are fitted to provide extra lift. Also borrowed from shipbuilding are a bulkhead design with independent chambers and bilge pumps in case some water does find its way into the cockpit or the engine bay. Fourteen rubber bellows guarantee freedom of movement of drive train, suspension and steering. The Splash is powered by an environmentally friendly bivalent turbocharged natural-gas engine. Natural gas is an extremely clean-burning fuel that consists almost entirely of methane with near-zero sulphur content. A turbocharged two-cylinder four-valve 750cc engine powers the Splash, delivering maximum power of 140 bhp/103 kW at 7000rpm and peak torque of 150Nm at 3500 rpm. Though the Splash has only a small motor, its street performance is nothing to be ashamed of: the 825 kg quick-change artist accelerates in to 100kmh in 5.9 seconds and reaches a top speed of 200 kmh.

Understanding of Primate Socioecology

Introduction Hominin reveals an evolutionary change in the understanding of what it means to be human and to be other species such as the common chimpanzee and Bonobo. This study is dictated by the large number of living groups both males and females, with the main intention of establishing how their social relationships vary between themselves and other species.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Primate Socioecology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, recent studies show that this variation is not only found in the grouping patterns of different species, but also within species and sometimes in groups of the same local population (Boyd and Silk 124). The aim of this paper is to reconstruct a socioecology of hominin concerning the latest findings from the species of Praeanthropus Dimorphicus and the species of Praeanthropus Monomorphicus. This will help in developing a deeper understanding of primate socioecology. The two species (Praeanthropus Dimorphicus and Praeanthropus Monomorphicus) show dissimilar features ranging from their teeth structure, weight, and brain size. This demonstrates that the two species are from two different lineages, and possibly different environments. This difference could be linked to different adaptations within different environments. Praeanthropus Dimorphicus species is larger and heavier, while Praeanthropus Monomorphicus, on the other hand, is slightly lighter in weight. The ten male and female adults weigh 135kg and 90kg respectively, which is an indication that these are the large species (adults individuals). Besides, the existence of the zebra and wilder beast in the same environment with the ten adults implies that they have almost the same diet according to their teeth descriptions. Praeanthropus Dimorphicus’ molars have high cusps, shearing crests and thin enamel, and thus, they fall into the group of folivores. These are the leaf eaters or vegetation eaters, but some also fall back to eating flesh, especially the humans. They have great morals for sharing. On the other hand, Praeanthropus Monomorphicus has large, lower rounded cusps with a thick enamel, and this species is the fruit eaters (frugivores). Robert Boyd and Joan B. Silk (31) argue that fruit eaters use their lower cusps, which are adapted for breaking the hard seeds and corns, hence sometime, they feed on vegetation. According to Robert Boyd and Joan B. Silk (2), teeth and mandibles are the best features to study in the fossil record. They can be found many years later because they do not decompose easily, mainly because they are made from hard or dense substance/material, thus predators and scavengers are not able to destroy them because they do not have any meat.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They are essentials because they tell almost everything about the species. For this case, apart from what we have already discussed above, teeth and mandibles can tell us a lot about the habitation of the two species. Praeanthropus Dimorphicus is a leaf or vegetation eater found in areas, such as savannah. Praeanthropus Monomorphicus is basically a fruit eater that inhabits the dense, rain forests areas. Besides that, the Praeanthropus Dimorphicus and Praeanthropus Monomorphicus are both social animals that live in groups. The zebra and wildebeest are found in larger groups of up to 200 herds. Praeanthropus Monomorphicus is also found in relatively smaller groups. The body size of the ten adults is relatively high with the male species having 135kg and the female species weighing 90kg. A brain is relatively large to the body size; this implies that the species in the question (Praeanthropus Dimorphicus) may have a relatively high IQ as well (Muehlenbein 81). In regards to the Praeanthropus Monomorphicus, the female ind ividuals have a large brain size showing that they are primates, which are mainly found in the tropics. Praeanthropus Monomorphicus can be considered as primates with a small body size with relative small brains. It weighs approximately 60kg, and this means a proportionality of the same level of brain and a relatively low IQ. Praeanthropus Dimorphicus has a larger ranging behavior because the species has to search for pastures in expansive areas, especially in seasons when there is little vegetation in the savannah grassland. As for Praeanthropus Monomorphicus, which are mainly found in the tropics/rain forests, their ranging behavior is relatively low because those areas have a lot of food supply through the year due to the type of climate. Territoriality, the species, Praeanthropus Dimorphicus, has a mild territorial nature because its representatives live in big groups, and there is more than one male to mate the other females. They are also not very repulsive to other animals jo ining the herds. However, for the case of our second species, Praeanthropus Monomorphicus is territorial, and the dominant male is responsible for mating with the females in the group. Conclusion This study is necessary because it gives an unpredictability of social systems among different species. It helps scientifically analyze various associations within this species and between different species. It is also particularly appropriate in investigating the forces that cause the changes in the social organizations and the results of such shifts. It is an informative insight into the observable differences between the different species in terms of their behavior, as well as adaptations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Primate Socioecology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Boyd, Robert and Joan B. Silk. How Humans Evolved. 5th edn. New York: W.W. Norton, 2009. Print. Muehlenbein, Michael . Human Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print. This essay on Understanding of Primate Socioecology was written and submitted by user Liberty Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Philosophy Of Education

My Philosophy of Education As a teacher, my philosophy of education centers on the child and their development as a person. I feel it is most important that the student move toward becoming more independent. Students cannot become independent thinkers and individuals if the teacher is always the one to make decisions and tell the students what they are to do. I feel the main purpose of education is to allow the students to become responsible and productive citizens. My duty is to teach, of course, but in a facilitating manner as to guide the students into the learning rather than in an authoritative manner. This, however, does not mean that there is no organization or order in the classroom. I try to provide developmentally appropriate practices and experiences. According to Piaget, a great number in the researcher in the field of education, children at eight or nine years of age become more able to classify according to more than one variable, to rank order items in logical series, to understand that amounts of mass or liquids do not change just because their shape does, and to intellectually manipulate new and more complex relationships. Spoken and written communications improve as children complete their basic understanding of grammar. Also, even though students at this age have a much more mature understanding or many processes and relationships, it is still based on concrete reality. Learning takes place most successfully when concrete objects are present. Therefore, I believe in providing as many concrete learning experiences as possible for the students. I also feel students need to be exposed to as many creative experiences through much writing as well as art activities. Therefore, I will involve my students in lots of writing activities and art activities as well. Not only is writing important but reading and lots of it is very important. The more a child reads and is exposed to rich experiences;... Free Essays on Philosophy Of Education Free Essays on Philosophy Of Education My Philosophy of Education As a teacher, my philosophy of education centers on the child and their development as a person. I feel it is most important that the student move toward becoming more independent. Students cannot become independent thinkers and individuals if the teacher is always the one to make decisions and tell the students what they are to do. I feel the main purpose of education is to allow the students to become responsible and productive citizens. My duty is to teach, of course, but in a facilitating manner as to guide the students into the learning rather than in an authoritative manner. This, however, does not mean that there is no organization or order in the classroom. I try to provide developmentally appropriate practices and experiences. According to Piaget, a great number in the researcher in the field of education, children at eight or nine years of age become more able to classify according to more than one variable, to rank order items in logical series, to understand that amounts of mass or liquids do not change just because their shape does, and to intellectually manipulate new and more complex relationships. Spoken and written communications improve as children complete their basic understanding of grammar. Also, even though students at this age have a much more mature understanding or many processes and relationships, it is still based on concrete reality. Learning takes place most successfully when concrete objects are present. Therefore, I believe in providing as many concrete learning experiences as possible for the students. I also feel students need to be exposed to as many creative experiences through much writing as well as art activities. Therefore, I will involve my students in lots of writing activities and art activities as well. Not only is writing important but reading and lots of it is very important. The more a child reads and is exposed to rich experiences;... Free Essays on Philosophy Of Education Philosophy of Education â€Å"It seems to me that education has a two-fold function to perform in the life of man and in society: the one is utility and the other is culture. Education must enable a man to become more efficient, to achieve with increasing facility the legitimate goals of his life.† - Rev. Dr. Martin L. King Jr. (1948 Morehouse College) In my interpretation, this statement is the culmination of the ultimate goal of education in all societies and cultures. The differences lie in our specific philosophies or applications of educational philosophy, or in other words â€Å"an approach.† When evaluating my philosophy of education, my views are very clear but ever changing to the needs and standards of each specific situation, while fulfilling basic working knowledge. This philosophy entails a combination of essentialism and progressivism(Ryan you must be able to control them. You need to be firm yet loving. Not only do I desire that they learn the basics, but also learn other applicable life skills. The Purpose of Education The Encyclopedia Britannica of 1952 says the purpose of education is to raise up children to follow in their parent’s traditions with good success. People in all societies want their children to have the same values as their parents. That has been the traditional understanding of a good education. Reading, writing, arithmetic, and history are the tools we give our children to carry on the values we have established for them All societies and cultures, whether tribal, monarchical, dictatorial, democratic, or republican undertake the education of children as a primary function. But why do societies educate children? The ans...

Beleifs of Ancient India Essay Sample

The beliefs and thoughts of Ancient India such as the caste system. karma. reincarnation and Buddhism greatly influenced its society by maintaining the people calm and happy even in imbalanced state of affairss. The caste system is a hierarchal construction in which people are born into their category. or caste. with no exclusion. For illustration. if two people were low-ranking husbandmans. the boy and/or girl of these parents would besides be born as husbandman even if he/she showed outstanding intelligence and leading. Though this does non look right or merely. the people of Ancient India had no job with it and did non arise chiefly because of two beliefs. karma and reincarnation. Karma is the belief that the behaviour of a individual in their present life will impact the category they are born into in the hereafter when reincarnated. Reincarnation is the belief that worlds will come back in a new human signifier after they die. Karma and reincarnation helped the people of Ancient India with unpleasant lives manage with their poorness or under-appreciation by giving them hope for better lives in the hereafter. From a different point of position. Buddhism besides helped act upon India in a much more â€Å"fair† manner. It still uses reincarnation and karma as portion of the faith. nevertheless more things are besides now introduced much like the four baronial truths. The Four Noble Truths consist the kernel of Buddha’s instructions. They are the truth of enduring. the truth of the cause of enduring. the truth of the terminal of enduring. and the truth of the way that leads to the terminal of enduring. Basically. enduring exists. it has a cause. it has an terminal ; and it has a cause to convey about its terminal. The caste system states that each individual in society is born into his or her ain category and that person’s karma in their preceding life is the make up ones minding factor for which category he or she is born into. The Brahmin priests who. obviously. were the highest category of people and had the most power created the caste system of India. They had control over everyone and instilled the nucleus beliefs of karma and reincarnation. Without the Brahmans at the caput of Indian society. the swayers and warriors would hold had control and the society would non hold been able to remain civil and peaceable for every bit long as it did. finally interrupting out into war. The high categories of the caste. gave the lower 1s an illustration of what there following life can be like. therefore making a peaceable system were the lower categories strive to be good and nice in hope of life in a higher one after reincarnation. The caste truly was a utile system used to assist make a pea ceable society. Buddhism is a bit more complex than the caste system nevertheless. However. it still uses reincarnation and karma in its instructions. Karma. in Buddhism. determines where a individual will be reborn and their position in their following life. Good karma can ensue in being born in one of the celestial kingdom. Bad karma can do metempsychosis as an animate being. or torture in a snake pit kingdom. The Four Noble Truths are a event program for covering with the agony humanity faces. agony of a physical sort. or of a mental nature. The First Truth identifies the presence of enduring. The Second Truth. on the other manus. seeks to find the cause of enduring. In Buddhism. desire and ignorance prevarication at the root of agony. By desire. Buddhists refer to hungering pleasance. material goods. and immortality. all of which are wants that can neer be satisfied. As a consequence. wanting them can merely convey agony. The Third Noble Truth. the truth of the terminal of enduring. has double significance. proposing either the terminal of enduring in this life. on Earth. or in the religious life. through accomplishing Nirvana. The Fourth Noble truth is the method for stoping agony. known as the Noble Eightfold Path. The stairss of the Noble Eightfold Path are Right Understanding. Right Thought. Right Speech. Right Action. Right Livelihood. Right Effort. Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration. If a Buddhist were able to follow and obey all of these regulations of life. he would be able to accomplish enlightenment and unrecorded in ageless felicity. This. much like the caste system. was a radical manner to get by with emphasis and unhealthy choler to maintain society safe and peaceable.

2. What is the difference between an alliance problem and an alliance Essay

2. What is the difference between an alliance problem and an alliance symptom, and what does this difference mean in terms of managerial intervention - Essay Example Most of the time differencing between alliance problems and symptoms becomes a challenge for the organization. There is always a difference between these two. Problems are usually not visible on the front line and symptoms on the other hand are quite clear and are a constant reminder of an upcoming problem. In strategic alliances the organizations usually consider a symptom as a problem and instead of doing an in-depth analysis of that symptom they take initiatives to solve it. This false interpretation of problems and symptoms can lead towards greater hazards. An example of difference between alliance symptom and problem is: when an organization observes an unenthusiastic change in the behavior of its partner it should not immediately take initiatives to change this behavior instead it should try to find out the root cause of this change. This change in behavior can be a result of lack of trust among the partners, in-competitive behavior of one of the partners, difference in the atm osphere of the two organizations or a difference between work schedule and strategies of the two organizations. If the organization over-looks these core problems and misinterprets the symptom as a problem then it can endanger the alliance. This misinterpretation is the cause of failure of more than 66 percent of the alliances. Even though the above mentioned factor can be a hurdle in the success of an alliance but proper and effective senior management is the most important factor for overcoming these hazards. If the top management is committed to the success of the alliance then it should take proper steps in order to avoid these problems and their misinterpretation with the symptoms. The management should try to understand the philosophies of the management of their partner organization. If the attitudes and thinking of both the managements would be similar then most of the core problems would be avoided. Another important factor is effective

Mobile Computing and Social Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mobile Computing and Social Networks - Essay Example The application can snap pictures of the accident and attach them to the claim data and upload the claim information to a server. This reduces the length of time to process a claim filed this way. Nationwide competitors have followed suit and developed iPhone, iPad, and Android applications of their own. Policyholders can receive messages via Facebook or Twitter.  Other business processes that have been reengineered as a result of mobile computing include Quick Response (QR) codes which have replaced one-dimensional bar codes. They are read using mobile devices, accepting credit card payments from an iPhone, iPad or Android device, depositing checks using an iPhone without visiting a bank, and many more.  Several surveys have come to general conclusions that applications like Facebook are raising as essential application development platforms. Many others find Google to be more significant in this regard. Considering the mobile computing platforms, Apple seems to be the leader in the market (Vizard, 2012). The present study focuses on mobile computing and social networks learning about their effectiveness, challenges, methods and applications as influencing the lives of all human beings. Mobile Based Applications: Effectiveness and Efficiency: Different companies are in the present times trying to organize for innovative mobile applications that exhibits the feature of geo-location. It is a technology that uses data available from the mobile device of an individual and identifies their exact location at a particular point of time. These days this feature can be found in almost all mobile devices particularly enhanced in the Smartphones that enable GPS (Global Positioning System) such as iPhone, Droid and others. The benefits of geo-marketing have already been identified. These applications enable discounts and promotions to the users when they make the purchases and in turn also provide them real time valuable data based on the preferences of the customers. This data may be put together with the profile of a customer providing a personalized experience (Jaiswal, n.d., p.1). Location-aware applications can also be combined with the social media platforms that permit third-party developers to incorporate geo-location apps into their service. This requires lesser technological investment and a company can control the capabilities of the platform services – like Facebook – to advance its marketing approaches by letting them to provide local information and publicity. â€Å"For example, Booyah, a â€Å"location-based video-game company,† is the creator of myTown, one of the most popular iPhone apps. The company recently launched InCrowd, a location-aware app built on Facebook Places technology, which lets users interact with friends and share posts in real-time in real-world locations† (Jaiswal, n.d., p.2). However, although the technology proves to be beneficial, there are certain concerns amongst the customers in regard to the privacy around the use of the apps particularly concerning the collection of the location data, spamming by advertisements, and other associated factors (Jaiswal, n.d., p.3). With the GPS systems being available in the mobile handling devices in the recent times, the use of systems based on location have become more popular. The most recent â€Å"

Progesterone For Maintenance Tocolytic Therapy after Threatened Preterm Labour Essay Example for Free

Progesterone For Maintenance Tocolytic Therapy after Threatened Preterm Labour Essay What was the sampling technique used and what are the advantages and disadvantages of using that technique? The researchers used a two-stage sampling method that was non-random in the first stage and randomized in the second stage. The total population was made up of 137 patients who were admitted for preterm labour. Selection from this initial population was non-random because there were exclusion criteria. The seventy women included were randomised to their treatment groups by assigning randomly generated numbers. The main advantage of using the technique was its simplicity and straightforwardness. Every individual who fit the inclusion criteria had equal chance of being selected. The disadvantage of the technique was that there was bias in the initial selection. Such bias could have affected the accuracy of the experiment. Was there randomisation? There was randomisation in the second stage of sampling, where all those women who fit the inclusion criteria were part of the sampling population. Randomisation was done by generating random numbers and assigning numbers to the women included in the study. Was it biased? There were several sources of bias in the study. The fact that the patients were all from the same clinic is already in itself introducing bias. The study was not double blind, which could also be a source of bias. The use of exclusion criteria in the first stage of sampling lessened the bias. In the second stage of sampling, efforts were done to further remove bias by assigning treatment to all included patients. No patient also left the study, thus further reducing bias. Describe the validity and power of the study Based on the researchers’ desired results, the statistical power of the study for improving latency was initially calculated be 80% with an assumption of getting standard deviation (SD) of 12 days at 5% level of significance. However, when their results came out, the power was calculated to be lower (value for this was not presented in the paper). By checking the means and SD for latency, and assuming a two-tailed analysis, power was calculated to be 51% only. This could be attributed to the high standard deviation that could in turn be due to the relatively small number of samples tested. In other similar studies, the sample population is much higher. For example, another study testing the effect of vaginal progesterone on preterm birth used 413 women (Eduardo B. Da Fonseca, et al. , 2007). Despite the low statistical power, the results presented here are valid as preliminary data on the supplementation of tocolytic therapy with vaginal progesterone to control preterm labour. The study was able to show that progesterone treatment had an effect on the other outcomes that were measured (please refer to Table 2 in the text). Background information of the hypothesis Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is widely used in hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. It is also used to induce menstruation in women who suddenly stop menstruating. Its capacity to control preterm labour was first reported in the 1980s. Oral administration of progesterone induces side effects like migraine, dizziness, vomiting and blurred vision. This was the usual mode of administration of progesterone, which was proven effective to reduce preterm labour (Meis, et al. , 2003). Since 2003, studies have reported on the use of progesterone vaginal suppository to treat preterm labour (E. B. Da Fonseca, Bittar, Carvalho, Zugaib, 2003) and even in high risk women (Eduardo B. Da Fonseca, et al. , 2007). Until this current study, there were no previous reports on the use of progesterone to supplement tocolytic therapy, using magnesium sulphate and intravenous ampicillin, on women who actually had preterm labour. Hypothesis of the study Null hypothesis: The use of vaginal progesterone after inhibition of preterm labour will not change latency period and recurrence of preterm labour. Alternate hypothesis (what the study really wants to prove): After the inhibition of preterm labour, treatment with vaginal progesterone will result in increased latency period and decreased recurrence of preterm labour. Methodology The study was conducted on 70 women who were had arrested uterine activity after they were treated for premature labour. The women were randomized to two groups; one was administered vaginal progesterone and the other, a placebo, until delivery. Subjects were monitored for days to latency until delivery, recurring preterm labour and other primary and secondary outcomes. Different statistical tests were used to determine if the treatments resulted in significantly different outcomes. Comparisons were done using Student’s t-test for quantitative data; chi-square and Fisher exact tests, among others, were used for categorical data. Conclusion of the study The study concluded that the use of vaginal progesterone after tocolytic therapy was effective in increasing latency to delivery but not in decreasing the incidence of recurrence of preterm labour. Is it a valid assumption based on the data of the study? Describe the applicability and relevance of the paper to clinical practice. The conclusion is valid based on the data of the study. The paper and the results presented are applicable and relevant to clinical practice because it proposes a new means of treating preterm labour for increased latency. Although the recurrence of preterm labour appeared not to be reduced with the treatment, this could be due to the advanced stage of the pregnancy when the preterm labour occurred or due to the small sampling population. It is significant to note that this is the first to report on the supplementation of tocolytic therapy with vaginal progesterone. Further studies can also be done to validate the results.

The Articles of Confederation Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Articles of Confederation was America’s first constitution. The Articles of Confederation were adopted by Congress in 1777 and provided for a â€Å"firm league of friendship† between the thirteen independent states. The Articles were in force from March 1, 1781, to June 21, 1788 and had both positive and negative effects on the states. The Articles of Confederation provided a very effective form of government with respect to the western lands but, in contrast, the government under the Articles of Confederation struggled in terms of foreign relations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Congress of the Confederation passed very significant pieces of legislation dealing with the Old Northwest, the area of land south of the Great Lakes, east of the Mississippi River, and to the northwest of the Ohio River. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established the public land policy of the United States that lasted for more than 75 years. The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided that the land of the Northwest should be surveyed and sold with the proceeds sent to the Congressional Congress to help alleviate the national debt. They land that was surveyed was to be divided into townships six miles squared, each of which was then to be separated into thirty-six segments of one square mile each. In this monumental piece of legislation, the sixteenth section of each township was to be set aside for public schools. In addition to the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was passed under the Articles of Confederation. The Northwest Ordinance provided for the formation of not less than three, nor more than five, states. The Northwest Ordinance created three stages, in which the first two evolutionary territorial stages would be subordinate to the federal government. In the first stage, the total population included fewer than 5,000 adult males, the officials were appointed by U.S. Congress and included a territorial Governor, Secretary, and three judges. The Governor and judges made laws. Under the second stage, total population included more than 5,000 adult males, there were elected and appointed officials. The government officials included a territorial Governor, a Secretary, three judges and a non-voting Territorial Delegate to U.S. Congress that was elected by the territorial legislature. The law making body under this second stage was a B... ...est with strangulation. Spain also claimed a large territory, north of the Gulf of Mexico including Florida, granted to the United States by the British in 1783. Spain and England together, using their influence among the bitter Indian tribes, prevented America from implementing efficient control over much of its total territory. In addition to the Spanish and English threat, France also provided America with some trouble. France demanded compensation for the money loaned during the war and constrained trade with their West Indies and many of their other ports. Foreign relations were very rough under the Articles Of Confederation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Articles of Confederation did not supply America with a sufficient enough government. The government created under the Articles of Confederation did both positive and negative things for the nation. While the Articles of Confederation provided a fairly effective form of government with respect to the western lands it was not so successful with foreign relations. Under the Articles of Confederation the central government was too weak, the â€Å"firm league of friendship† caused America to be the laughing stock of all nations.

Ethics Hw Week 6

ETHICS HW WEEK 6 ————————————————- 1. | Question:| Teddy's Supplies' CEO has asked you to advise him on the facts of the case, and your opinion of their potential liability. Write a memo to him which states your view of whether the company is exposed to liability on all issues you feel are in play. Include in your memo any laws which apply and any precedential cases either for or against Teddy's case which impact liability. Include your opinion of the â€Å"worst case† of damages the company may have to pay to Virginia.   | Your Answer:| Memo to CEO: Your company is in fact in liability for negligence in protecting the best interest of your employee, Pollard. Even though she participated in many of the sexual harassment situations your upper management did anything to stop or report any of the activities they were aware of. The people put n charge failed the compan y and Ms Pollard by not being responsible and assuming just as much responsibility as she had in the situation. Per the EEO guidelines: An employer is always responsible for harassment by a supervisor that culminated in a tangible employment action. If the harassment did not lead to a tangible employment action, the employer is liable unless it proves that: 1) it exercised reasonable care to prevent and promptly correct any harassment; and 2) the employee unreasonably failed to complain to management or to avoid harm otherwise An individual qualifies as an employee's â€Å"supervisor† if the individual has the authority to recommend tangible employment decisions affecting the employee or if the individual has the authority to direct the employee's daily work activities. A â€Å"tangible employment action† means a significant change in employment status. Examples include hiring, firing, promotion, demotion, undesirable reassignment, a decision causing a significant change in benefits, compensation decisions, and work assignment Employers should establish, distribute to all employees, and enforce a policy prohibiting harassment and setting out a procedure for making complaints. In most cases, the policy and procedure should be in writing. Small businesses may be able to discharge their responsibility to prevent and correct harassment through less formal means. For example, if a business is sufficiently small that the owner maintains regular contact with all employees, the owner can tell the employees at staff meetings that harassment is prohibited, that employees should report such conduct promptly, and that a complaint can be brought â€Å"straight to the top. † If the business conducts a prompt, thorough, and impartial investigation of any complaint that arises and undertakes swift and appropriate corrective action, it will have fulfilled its responsibility to â€Å"effectively prevent and correct harassment http://www. eoc. gov/policy/docs/harassment-facts. html By violating al of the above content we would recommend that Virginia be awarded damages for back pay, a psychological evaluation, a percentage of stocks/shares in the company for future earnings and action disciplinary to be taken against all parties involved| | | Points Received:| 25 of 30 | | Comments:| How did the management fail her? | 2. | Question:| The NJ Human R ights commission found that Pollard was the victim of Sexual Harassment and disparate treatment. Please answer these questions:   a. Provide the most current definition of â€Å"sexual harassment,† including a definition of quid pro quo and hostile environment sexual harassment. Name an appellate  court case where an employer was found liable for either quid pro quo or hostile environment sexual harassment. Describe the facts of the case, and the decision the court came to in the case. Include the citation to the case and a link to it online. Would the case apply to Pollard's case? Why or why not? Would you want to use this case in Teddy's favor or Pollard’s favor? (10 points)b. Explain which form of sexual harassment that you suspect NJ Human Rights commission found Virginia had been a victim of and why you feel that is the case. Provide law or a case to support your position. If you feel Pollard was not a victim of harassment in this case, explain why you feel that way, and provide law or a case to support your position;  Ã‚  (10 points)c. Explain what defenses to sexual harassment Teddy's had in this case (Include the name and citation of  at least two  federal or state sexual harassment case(s) which provide precedential support to your defense statement. (10 points. )d. What is disparate treatment and why do you think the Human Rights commission found it had occurred? Do you agree with this decision? (10 points. )  |   | Your Answer:| A. The legal definition of sexual harrassment is a form of sex discrimination. The legal definition of sexual harassment is â€Å"unwelcome verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature that is severe o r pervasive and affects working conditions or creates a hostile work environment. Quid pro quo, a Latin term meaning â€Å"this for that,† occurs when your boss offers you benefits, or threatens to change your working conditions, based on your response to his demands for sexual favors. â€Å"I'll give you a raise if you go out with me†¦. † or â€Å"I'll demote you if you don't have sex with me† are examples of â€Å"quid pro quo† harassment. Hostile environment harassment occurs when physical, verbal, or visual sexual harassment is severe or pervasive enough to create a hostile or abusive work environment. This type of harassment does not require a loss or threat of loss of your job, or the promise of benefits. Comments about your body, sexual remarks, pornographic pictures displayed at the workplace, and touching and grabbing may all create a hostile work environment. In addition, the conduct must be unwelcome to you. If you like, want, or welcome the conduct, then you are not being sexually harassed. And if the conduct does not relate to your sex or have sexual references, it's not sexual harassment. 1998 the Supreme Court decided in Ellerth v. Burlington Industries, No. 7-569 and Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, No. 97-282 that companies may be held vicariously liable if supervisors sexually harass workers even if the employees do not report the harassment and suffered no tangible loss. By making employers liable for supervisors' sexual harassment encourages an employer, as no other regime does, to exercise the greatest possible care in screening prospective managers and in training, supervising and monitoring supervisory personnel. It gives employers an incentive to put effective policies and training programs in place. In fact, 54% of Fortune 500 employers admitted in one survey that fears of legal exposure prompted them to establish company policies against harassment. And experience has shown these policies and programs work. Companies that have implemented sexual harassment training programs have reported reduced numbers of claims that develop into lawsuits. http://www. hr-guide. com/data/A07202. htm yes this case would apply to pollards case because in this case too the sexual harassment was not being reported. The companies were too held liable for what was going on with their employers. B. I think they used the basic form of sexual haraasment in th eworkplcae because the boss did not threaten her with sexual advances but condonednthe mistreatment the other male employees had put on her. Even though she did not properly report the abuse I do feel that she was a victim because she encountered several incidents where her right swere violated. C. On June 26th, the U. S. Supreme Court decided the following two cases: Burlington Industries v. Ellerth Facts—The employee, Kimberly Ellerth, worked for Burlington Industries from March 1993-May 1994, as a salesperson in one of Burlington's divisions in Chicago, Ill. During her employment, she claims she was subjected to constant sexual harassment by her supervisor, Ted Slowik. Slowik was a mid-level manager. Burlington has eight divisions, employing more than 22,000 people in 50 plants around the U. S. Slowick was a vice president in one of five business units within one of the divisions. He had authority to make hiring and promotion decisions subject to the approval of his supervisor, who signed the paperwork. Slowik was not Ellerth's immediate supervisor. Ellerth worked in a two-person office in Chicago, and she answered to her colleague, who in turn answered to Slowik in New York. ttp://www. lkorn-law. com/articles/relevent/supreme_decides_sex_har. htm Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, and Burlington Industries Inc. v. Ellerth, the Supreme Court basically stated that the employer is responsible for the actions of the supervisor, even when the employer is unaware of the supervisor’s behavior. An employer can no longer claim that they did not know about the sexual harassment because the employee did not inform them, nor can they claim that they were unaware of the supervisor’s behavior. Out of the two cases listed above the first one is relevant to the case because even though she was disciplined for cell phone usage she was still sent to another area to be subjected to further humiliation by her male co-workers. The second case states where even though the Pollard did not reprt the abuse the supervisor was well aware of what was going on. D. Intentional discriminatory dealing with individuals having a disability or belonging to a particular group based on their age, ethnicity, race, or sex. The Human Rights commssion saw that Pollard was discriminated on due to her sex. Yes I fully agree with their decision. She should be awarded for all damages and future earnings. I would not want that particular job back but one in another area with maybe the same company. Read more: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/disparate-treatment. html#ixzz17DKebnxM | | | Points Received:| 40 of 40 | | Comments:| Great that you answered all parts of the question! Also I like that you used the case in which the cell phone discipline took place while it was determined that harassment occurred. This shows that 2 wrongs do not make a right! | 3. Question:| The CEO asks you to review the sexual harassment policy currently in place, which Virginia signed. He wants you to provide him with suggestions for change to it. Review the policy and give three recommendations for changes, enhancements and ideas for making the policy stronger. Include your reasons for these suggestions. If you find information online for making these changes, include citations and/or links to t hat information. Explain how your suggestions may have protected Teddy's in this case. Support these recommendations with current case law.   | Your Answer:| The contract signed by Virginia was vague. It also states that there will be a warning. She was terminated immediately. My suggestion would be to go further by having the employees attend sexual harassment training. They should also offer some type of support for their employees who think they are experiencing it or actually experiencing it. They should also make the supervisors and all employees aware of their no tolerance policy. â€Å"An employer should correct harassment that is clearly unwelcome regardless of whether a complaint is filed. For example, if there is graffiti in the workplace containing racial or sexual epithets, management should not wait for a complaint before erasing it. An employer should ensure that its supervisors and managers understand their responsibilities under the organization's anti-harassment policy and complaint procedures. An employer should screen applicants for supervisory jobs to see if they have a history of engaging in harassment. If so, and the employer hires such a candidate, it must take steps to monitor actions taken by that individual in order to prevent harassment†. An employer should keep records of harassment complaints and check those records when a complaint of harassment is made to reveal any patterns of harassment by the same individuals. http://www. eeoc. gov/policy/docs/harassment-facts. html| | | Points Received:| 18 of 20 | | Comments:| How should the employer â€Å"support † employees? | 4. | Question:| How would Pollard's case be impacted if her replacement had been a female? Would her case be different? Would her damages be different? Explain your answer.   | Your Answer:| Had Pollard been replaced by a female it would make her case weaker stating that it was her and her character in that position that caused the men to react the way that they did towards her. Replacing her with another male shows guilt on the companies side. Had they not been aware of the situation at hand or been doing something to avoid it, it wouldn't have made a difference if they would have hired another female. Her case would have been different beca use had they hired another female would have shown them being less guilty of any of the accusations against them. ecause they did hire a male, made them look more cautious or even suspicious. I don't know for sure if her damages would have been different but her case would have been. she was awarded damages on the jury thinking she was fired unlawfully. | | | Points Received:| 5 of 10 | | Comments:| Why do we blame the woman? The employer has a duty to protect its employees from harassment – that means the men MUST be required to abstain from harassment – not just work with all men. | Bottom of Form

John Keats when i have fears 2 Essay

John Keats’ poem â€Å"When I have Fears that I may cease to be† is about the poet’s contemplation of his own mortality. When Keats woke one day with blood on his pillow, the doctor in him knew that stain to be the mark of his own undoing by consumption. This poem is one way of dealing with that knowledge by asserting that the things that seem the most important at the moment—poetic fame and love—are really nothing compared to the great wide world. The poet has finally come to accept his place in the grand scheme of things, so the tone shifts from questioning hesitancy to peaceful acquiescence. Lines 1-2 discuss how the poet’s brain is filled with possibility—ideas not yet written down by his pen in mounds of important books—and his fear that he may die before he is able to reach his poetic potential. This idea is compounded by the use of both imagery and alliteration in the first quatrain of the poem. The description of the â€Å"full-ripen’d grain† in line 4 compares his poetic imagination to a grainery; that is, a place chock full of ripe food that will nourish the body the way his poetry will fulfill the mind. His use of repeated sounds in â€Å"glean’d,† â€Å"grave’d,† â€Å"garner,† â€Å"garner,† and â€Å"grain† show just how fertile his imagination can be and raise the question of how tragic it may be if he dies before he has reached his peak. Lines 5-8 continue this contemplation of his poetry by considering the raw materials of his work—â€Å"night’s starr’d face† and â€Å"high romance† in the â€Å"huge cloudy symbols†Ã¢â‚¬â€in other words, Keats is seeing everything that he would render into meaningful poetry given the time, but without that chance, he can only mourn the loss of the possible poem that exists in his mind. He also gives a glimpse as to his view of composing poetry when he claims that â€Å"the magic hand of chance† could aid him in rendering mystical nature into a poem. Keats is using the mystery of nature as a symbol for the mystery of his future poetry, poems that will be lost if he ceases to be before committing them to paper. Lines 9-12 move beyond his poetic potential to consider the possibility of love lost in the event of his untimely death. These lines are halting, a nod to the â€Å"faery power of unreflecting love†; it is almost as though Keats worries more over the loss of his future poetry moreso than any chance at love. Love itself is a sham here, an attempt at happiness that, when compared to the power of harnessing nature, loses any real chance at success. This section is only three and a half lines long, not even a full quatrain, a rhythm that gives the reader a sense of rushing; this is the same quality felt by Keats, and it reinforces the essence of the poem—time is running out. The repetition of the word â€Å"when† also conveys the sense of time passing; with each moment, death approaches. Yet for all of these considerations, Keats realizes in the last two and half lines that the things he seeks the most, Fame and Love, are really nothing when compared to the grand scheme of things. The image of the shore is crucial here; when compared to the ocean, Keats’ personal struggles are meaningless, but beyond that, the shoreline represents a boundary line. Just as Keats fears crossing the lines between life and death, he can come to terms with mortality when he finds himself in another in-between zone. Overall, â€Å"When I have Fears that I may cease to be† is a poem about accepting the limitations placed on one by life and time. Though material gains like fame or spiritual experiences like love may seem like all-encompassing purposes for a life, Keats shows that, upon reflection, these things pale in comparison to the larger issues in the world. Through the clever use of specific words and rhyme schemes, Keats conveys his message using poetic techniques.

buy custom How do People Process Health Information essay

buy custom How do People Process Health Information essay Applications in an Age of individualized communication Arizona State University using new communication technologies, it is not only possible, but practical to collect data from individuals in large populations and use that information to tailor messages and persuasive appeals to a specific persons unique needs and interests. Such practice is already common on the World Wide Web and in many direct marketing efforts. It is becoming increasingly common as a tool of health educators. This mass customization approach to communication is fundamentally different from past strategies such as mass communication and even audience segmentation, which is used to target homogeneous population subgroup (Kreuter Skinner, 2000). Though not yet ubiquitous, technology-driven individualized communication is likely to be used with increasing frequency and to become more sophisticated in the years ahead. Therefore, its important to understand whether people process such information differently than they do other forms of communication and if so, to consider ways to build on this knowledge to enhance the effectiveness of communication-based efforts to promote better health and well-being. Traditional health education materials contain information that is the same for every recipient: a kind of one-size-fits-all approach. With he advent of new computer technologies, a different approach to constructing health-education materials has emerged; materials are not massed produced, but rather generated one at a time by computers and tailored to the individual. Psychological and behavioral data are gathered from individuals and entered into a computer program that determines which health messages from among a library of possibilities are most appropriate for each individual (Petty Cacioppos, 1981). Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) provides a theoretical rationale for tailored communication. According to this model, individuals are more likely to actively and thoughtfully process information-i.e. to engage in what Petty and Cacioppo call central-route processing-if they perceive it to be personally relevant. ELM is based on the premise that under many conditions, people are active information processors-considering messages carefully, treating them to other information they have encountered, and comparing them with their own past experiences. Studies have shown that messages processed in this way (i.e. elaborated upon) tend to be retained for a longer period of time and are more likely to lead to permanent change rather than messages that are not elaborated upon (Cacioppo Strathman Preiester, 1993). One might expect, therefore that comparison of tailored and non-tailored health education materials elicit (a) greater attention, (b) greater comprehension, (c) greater likelihood of discussing the content with other people, (d) greater intention to change the behaviors addressed by the content, and (e) greater likelihood of behavioral change. Research findings to date are consistent with these expectations, for example, compared with non-tailored messages, tailored messages are more likely to be read and remembered (Skinner, Strecher, Hospers, 1993), saved (Brug, Steenhaus, VanAssema, DeVries, 1996), discussed with other people ( Brug, Glanz, VanAssema, Kok, Van Breukelen, 1998) and perceived by readers as interesting (Campbell, et al., 1993), personally relevant, and having been written especially for them (Brug, et al., 1996). Conclusion In this article, we have presented some of the findings from two earlier phases of tailoring researches describing studies seeking to determine if tailoring works, and how it works. Although the former question has been reasonably well researched, the latter remains a largely uncharted territory. We framed the question from an ELM perspective and found supporting evidence. However, this is not the only viable explanation for tailoring persuasive effects; for example, it may be that tailored information draws a receivers attention toward a certain valued expectations that are featured in the communication and away from expectations that are less valued. This might change the balance of factors influencing the receivers decisions and actions. Buy custom How do People Process Health Information essay

Marketing Report for Teejay's Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Report for Teejay's - Assignment Example Proposed Market Teejays is a growing organization with a strong presence in the UK market. Therefore, the company requires a market that is equally growing and promising in the future. As such, the best market for Teejays would be China. Presently, China is one of the fastest growing market for customer care and other related outsourcing services. Also the country is set to be a new economic super power within few years. What makes China the potential market for Teejays is the country’s shift in the market focus. â€Å"Till today, the domestic market is still the principal part of China’s call center market, accounting for about 80 per cent, while Japan and South Korea have been China’s major offshoring markets, where China is in absolute dominance.† (Chunyan, 2010) But now the country has realized the importance of expanding the market to the western countries. This necessitates vigorous training of the potential employees as unlike the competitors India or Philippines, China has low proficiency in English language. The Chinese government has begun huge investment in English which throws out huge market opportunities for companies like Teejays. (Graddol, 2008) â€Å"Chinese people are bad at expressing themselves orally in a foreign language, however, they are good at reading and writing in it.† (Hongbing, 2010) The huge focus by the Chinese government on call centres as an economic power plant makes the Chinese market one of the most promising among the world. The Chinese government has even coined the term ‘Call Economy’ in order to represent the massive size of call centres to the Chinese Economy. (CCC, 2010) The Chinese economy was so far being dominated by manufacturing sector. But now the service sector is experiencing massive growth to emerge as the backbone of the economy. The annual growth rate in the Chinese call centre jobs is 15%. In 2009 itself more than 5 billion Euros were invested in the call cent re market. Way back in 2006, Chinese government has launched a project which designated 10 Chinese cities mainly for developing call centres and related service companies. Apart from that the country’s investment in the education sector is massive in order to equip the employable people to take up offshore business. As Teejays is primarily a call centre training consultant, it has huge potential market in China. Prospective call centre employees require improvement in their language proficiency. Government is also providing various supportive measures in order to foster the development of such training institutes. China has witnessed well known call centre companies entering the market in the recent years. â€Å"Growth in the number of Call Centers and number of agent positions seats in China is steadily increasing, and the revenue growth for technology vendors selling enterprise Call Center solutions has been in the double digits.† (APRG, 2011) With the boom in the ca ll centre industry, there is a huge growth in the revenue of technology vendors. Call centre training institutes have similar opportunity for increasing the market share and revenue. The increased presence of multinational companies in China has necessitated the need for better customer relationship management. Companies have

Interpersonal Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Theory - Essay Example During this stage, Freud believed, the Oedipus complex occurs in which the child desires the parent of the other sex and feels rivalry with the same-sex parent. When the Oedipus complex is resolved, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, but females retain a lingering sense of inferiority and "penis envy"—a notion contested by female psychoanalysts like Clara Thompson and Karen Horney (Wade & Travis, 1993). Carl Jung believed that people share a collective unconscious that contains universal memories and images, or archetypes. Personality, in this view, includes many archetypes, such as the shadow (evil) and the anima and animus. The object-relations school emphasizes the importance of the first two years of life, rather than the Oedipal phase; the infant’s relationships to important figures, especially the mother, rather than sexual needs and drives; and the problem in male development of breaking away from the mother (Guntrip, 1961). Thus individuals who are at various stages of development can experiences problems in having a well adjusted personality as well as having positive relationships with other people who are around them. Most of us have come in contact with people who seem to successfully irritate or frighten people away with their clinginess, significant lack of self esteem, and even anger and threatening behavior. Psychodynamic theories suggest that these individuals adapted this personality style by going through a childhood which was filled with anxiety (Guntrip, 1961). While this manner of dealing with others may have been beneficial in their youth, as adults it serves to almost guarantee their needs will not be met. There are three identified ways of dealing with the world that are formed by an upbringing in a neurotic family: Moving Toward People, Moving Against People, and Moving Away From People (Guntrip, 1961). Psychodynamic approaches have been criticized for

Group paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group paper - Essay Example The labor may also be induced, if the water has broken but the contractions have not started yet. The movement and the growth of the baby are monitored after certain intervals. If at any point the health care professionals figures out that the growth of the baby is not at the expected pace then false labor must be induced. Infection in the uterus may also be one of the reasons. If there is not enough amniotic fluid present around the baby or the placenta peels it from the uterus’ inner wall, then labor can be artificially induced by the healthcare professionals. If the mother has any medical condition that may put the baby’s health at risk like diabetes or blood pressure then it is better to induce labor. By doing this the period of the labor might shorten by an hour. This procedure helps in the examination of the amniotic fluid for the presence of meconium that is considered to be the sign for fetal distress. Baby’s scalp must be accessed directly for monitoring the heartbeat of the baby. Stimulating the nipples is considered to be one of the natural forms of labor induction and it can be performed manually or by the help of an electric breastfeeding pump. By doing so the natural production of oxytocin will take place in the female’s body causing contractions. Change theory can be linked to Lewis Theory in a way that it is about unfreezing all the previous information about labor induction and learning the changes imposed by advanced researches and studies. It is important to educate the health care professionals on the advantages and risks associated with induction because they are the ones who are responsible for the wellbeing of the mother and baby. It is important to educate the mother as well, so that she may be able to take informed decision regarding her baby’s health (Simpson & Thorman,

Tammy Hall Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tammy Hall Society - Essay Example President Franklin Roosevelt also withdrew federal support for Tammany. All of these actions weakened Tammany Hall. After a brief comeback in the 1950’s, Tammany Hall was destroyed by the Democrat Party’s resistance led by Eleanor Roosevelt. Tammany Hall no longer exists today. Many well recognized historical figures from New York were associated with Tammany Hall, such as Aaron Burr. In the beginning, Tammany Hall wanted to involve themselves in politics in order to run their agendas. However as the society progressed, the more and more corrupt in became. Most New York elections were controlled by Tammany Hall after 1829 (Myers, 2005: 61). As opposition groups like the Loco-Focos became stronger, Tammany Hall started focusing on support from immigrants (Myers, 2005: 102). Immigration in New York has always been high. Thus an every changing group backed Tammany Hall. Immigrants came to America dirt poor, so Tammany Hall provided basic needs in return for their vote (Myers, 2005: 128-129). For example, a faster naturalization process was put in place by William M. Tweed by creating committees to pay fees, fill out forms, or get witnesses. The Judges had to grant citizenship because the Tammany Hall provided the immigrant with everything (Connable and Silber farb, 1967:154). This started the political corruption and favors for votes. There are many instances of grafting and political corruption within the time Tammany Hall had influenced, two instances will be examined; the Harlem gangs in the 1920’s and Judge Joseph Crater. The Harlem gangs were controlled by Dutch Schultz (Bell, 2009). What history has forgotten was James J. Hines, the Democratic Party boss located in Manhattan (Bell, 2009). In the 1920’s the Democratic Party bosses were affiliated with Tammany Hall, so James Hines must have been part of Tammany Hall. James Hines gave Schultz a tip on Harlem’s â€Å"number

Skills to Become an Architect

Skills to Become an Architect   Garrett Leman It takes a lot of work to be accomplished in any field of work. If you want to be an architect you need to graduate high school and get a bachelors degree. A Bachelor of Architecture usually takes about 5 years to get. You need to pass all your classes and do your best work. If you get a pre-professional bachelors degree in architecture studies that usually takes about 4 years. Design classes would be good to take, or building classes. If you were trying to train to become an architect some on-the-job experience from another architect would be very helpful. In all you need Bachelors Degree (5 years) and 3 years of internship, accumulating 8 years of education and training. An architect needs to be creative, analytical, good at communicating, have good visualization skills, and be organized. You would need to be aware of common building/construction knowledge, and know what best works. Architects work in the designing aspect of construction, and may also be involved in every step of the process even construction. You need to know how to make a structure appealing to the eye and also be safe and functional. Each day you might be looking for new projects to do. In addition to designing buildings you would also help to restore old buildings. Once you get a project you work on designing and mapping out blue-prints with the exact specifications needed. Architects may work hand-in-hand with the customer, or may just be given guidelines and work from there. Throughout the building process, the architects job is checking prints against construction and managing time.They need to make sure the construction crew isnt making any mistakes. When creating the prints needed an architect needs to be able to make logical drawings that can easily be measured and converted. They need to go over all the specifications and be very precise. Being knowledgeable of real world buildings and how to make a building safe and functional is a very big part of your work. Qualities attributed to an architect are: an eye for details, drawing skills and be able to work with 3D art, inventive and imaginative, be passionate about buildings and the environment, and care about the people you are designing for. A certificate that is not necessarily required but is a sign that you have met the highest standards is the NCARB certificate. If you are becoming an architect you must register for and get a license to even call yourself an architect. You need to be certified in safety and the license is required if you want to legally design a structure for someone or something. You must have 3 years of experience before seeking licensing. You can serve as an intern for a more senior architect for more experience. All architects must past the Architect Registration Examination (ARE) to become certified. There is a projected 14.76% increase in architecture. This is statewide, while nationwide there is only a 6.9% increase. The average wages of an indiana architect is around $64,970. They can make up to about $114,000 dollars. That is a good paying job. I am interested in this job because I think it sounds intriguing, and also matches my skill set. The fact that it interests me while giving me good money is a huge bonus. Not many people get both, or are not able to. Since my job is engaging to me, I would do my best work, and be able to excel farther. Benefits of this occupation are numerous. The people I would work with would show the same kind of passion that i do, and also have the same interests. Architecture is a fast-paced career. It can be very fascinating, and is beautiful work. The work that you do is shown off to the world, and everyone gets to see it. One personal benefit is the fact that you would get to travel. I love traveling. The best architects need to know their envi ronment and the styles they are working with. Most architects travel to see the other cultures and types of architecture. They need to see how other buildings and countries work and flow and how all their things are structured different than ours. After working in architecture for a while you will learn new aspects of design. You pick up new skills and ways of going about. You will appreciate other buildings and structures more than you previously did. As I said before, a thing you could achieve after being an architect would be to earn your NCARB certificate. This shows that you really know what you are doing and have been doing that for a while. Some negative things associated with being an architect is that you have to spend a long time getting an education. It can take 8 years! Another downfall of being an architect is the pay and hours. The pay isnt awful, but comparing all the education you have to get the median pay of an architect is not that good. Also, as deadlines surface you may be working long hours trying to finish a project, or seal a deal. One major downfall is that architecture is based on how the economy is running. If everything is going good, the economy is running smoothly, people have lots of money buildings will be put up and money will be made. This is a good time to be an architect. On the other hand, if the market is running low, and people dont have as much money, no more buildings will be built. This is bad for architects and funds will be cut, and people will be laid off. This career may affect my home life in many ways. On regular day, when work is running smoothly it would be good. The money would be good for the family. When work is bad, this would negatively affect my familys morale. Nobody would be happy. My pay would affect how and where I lived. I would try to live in an urban city or some place where the work would be active. I would try to be considerate with the house and car due to the fluctuations of money that may occur. Being able to afford nice things would be a luxury once in awhile. Being an architect may affect my friends by determining the time Im able to spend with them. Architecture takes time and long hours. I may not be able to go out with them all the times they wanted. My family would be the same way. Trying to spend as much time as I could with them would be a big priority. The affect on my social life may be huge. I would get to meet many new people through work. An architect travels a lot in order to see new cultures, new buildings, and clients. Sometimes I may be able to bring the family along on my trips. Traveling the world would be a huge bonus of this occupation. I would be able to interact with many new people and see many new places, though that time would be cut short because they are business trips. If I choose to pursue this career from this day forward, in about 10 years I would be attending college getting my education to become an architect. I would spend a lot of time in college and getting degrees for architecture. It takes a lot of time and experience to become an architect. After college I would work as an intern for an architect. Hopefully in 20 years I would be working for a big architecture company or have my own. That would be a big goal for this. Being an architect isnt for everyone, but I think this may be a job to pursue.